Desired Hope - 1614 Words

The American dream is a dream that everyone hopes to one day achieve. It is what keeps the country going and develops hard workers of many. Langston Hughes’s â€Å"I, Too† and Walt Whitman’s â€Å"I Hear America Singing† is the epitome of that dream, the poems both demonstrate a certain air of aspiration for the future of America and both of the speakers want change for the better. The poem’s speakers are both men and are of the working class. Even though their jobs may not be desirable and in Hughes’s â€Å"I, Too† the speaker may be working against his will, he is still working and they are both adhering with them for that feeling of hope. After all, the working class strata are the people with the strongest appetite for that dream because the reason†¦show more content†¦During that time men were the only ones working strenuous jobs. Women took on roles that are more nurturing and caring. Usually stay-at-home housework and b e a mother to their children. In the text women are not really recognized, in terms of the time when these poems were written it was normal and expected. It makes sense that both of the speakers are men because women were not equal to men yet. In â€Å"I hear America Singing† Whitman describes the women and their roles, â€Å"The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,† (Kennedy 1096). Back then the importance and the main focus towards equality was around men. Women were completely stereotyped in this quote because women do not just take on those roles anymore. There was no hope for them here and just simply doing their work in which they will have to do while they have children and are married. Nevertheless women were still mildly acknowledged. Women are completely left out in Langston Hughes’s â€Å"I, Too†. Of course there were women who were slaves, but Hughes only refers to the speaker as â€Å"the darker brother.† (Kennedy 976) The femininity acquired in this poem is when Hughes says, â€Å" Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬Å" (Kennedy 977). When Hughes decided to input the word beautiful it denotes a bit of femininity to the poem. Men rarely refer to themselves as beautiful because of the femininity surroundingShow MoreRelatedThe World Display Jewelry : A Girl Walking Down The Street1323 Words   |  6 Pagesthey could do) the entire jewelry industry would be taken down. Diamonds are unique as they have a set scale. The 4 c’s are cut, clarity, carat, and color: depending on how a diamond ranks determines its worth (Flynn). The gem was not always so desired. Around the 1930’s there were far too many diamonds and not enough d emand with World War II on the horizon and the depression knocking more and more workers out. People did not have the cash for extravagancies. De Beers pulled off a marketing miracleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Usns Bob Hope 1539 Words   |  7 Pages The USNS Bob Hope is a US Navy cargo ship named after the famous entertainer Bob Hope. It may seem odd for a naval vessel to be named after an entertainer, but what Hope did for the Navy and the military as a whole is worth the honor. Bob hope performed at hundreds of USO shows spanning 50 years. He dedicated much of his life to supporting US military efforts in the wars the country participated in between the years of 1941-1991. Although Bob Hope may not have been a great military leader likeRead MoreThe Hollow Hope By Gerald Rosenberg1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hollow Hope by Gerald Rosenberg is based on one research question. That question is: Can the Court bring about significant social change? In examining this question Rosenberg presents two different views of the Court. The dynamic court view believes that the court is an excellent catalyst for social change while the constrained court view believe that there are constraints in place that prevent the court from making significant change. The constrained court believes that it is only when theseRead MoreStar Wars Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pagespopular and he later pitched his idea for a space opera to the production company. They agreed and Star Wars was born. In the beginning, it was meant to be one film, which would entail all of the story for the three films in the original trilogy, A New Hope, Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi. Due to budget difficulties, the film was split into three, which later were added to reach a feature length film time. Many other films, such as the Christmas Special of 1978 as well as two â€Å"made for tv†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book A New Hope 2190 Words   |  9 Pagessaid quest, a destination, justification to journey to that destination, challenges the quester faces along the way and, finally, the true reason for making the journey. A movie that undoubtedly mirrors these components is Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, which follows a young Lu ke Skywalker who finds himself on a quest, initially to deliver Death Star plans to the planet of Alderaan at the request of the planet’s princess and Rebel Alliance leader Leia, and eventually to work with the rebels in orderRead MoreAnalysis Of All Summer And A Day By Ray Bradbury1363 Words   |  6 PagesHope and Sunlight in â€Å"All Summer and a Day† An Analysis of Author’s Craft Everyone needs to believe that things are going to get better, particularly when facing challenging or troubling times. Our world is fraught with sadness, misfortune, and adversity, and the world constructed by Ray Bradbury in â€Å"All Summer in a Day† is no different. Unending rain, gray skies, and endless dark doldrums beneath the surface of Venus plague the lives of the young children in his short story. And yet, every nightRead MoreBackward Design1724 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore thinking about what we, as the teacher, will do or provide in teaching and learning activities. Though considerations about what to teach and how to teach it may dominate our thinking as a matter of habit, the challenge is to focus first on the desired learnings from which appropriate teaching will logically follow. Our lessons, units, and courses should be logically inferred from the results sought, not derived from the methods, books, and activities with which we are most comfortable. CurriculumRead MoreHow Hope Is Defined, Discussing Issues Of Measuring Hope1018 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience physical and psychological pain and discomfort. Hope has been pinpointed as a necessity in the lives of people with cancer. This has been illustrated to help during their times of suffering and uncertainty. Therefore, in order to help boost hope, health care professionals need to have an intense understanding and awareness of this subject as perceived by the terminally ill patient. There is a fine line between false hope and hope administered for psychological purposes. Health careRead MoreDouglass Harpers Use Of Slavery1177 Words   |  5 PagesHarris focused on the slave from Stowe’s story in Uncle Tom’s Cabin and followed her journey of obtaining freedom for her only child. The way Jacobs portrayed Eliza was descriptive in telling how she glided on the ice to get to the other side of any hope for freedom, but Harper’s poem pinpointed to how the freedom for her child was so important. It stated in Harper’s poem, â€Å"But she’s free!- yes, free from the land where the slave, from the hand of oppression must rest in the grave† (lines 37-38). TheRead MoreThe Great Hope Church Change875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Hope Church Change There is a religious organization named The Great Hope. This organization or institution is religious based. The church is located in a rural area, which several members drive a good distance to get to church. The church’s membership consist of 200 people and only 5 people are employed. The church has three services it provides during the week, which is bible education classes, Ministerial Classes/Leadership, and prayer night. Although most religious based organizations

Understanding Income Inequality Essay Topics

Understanding Income Inequality Essay Topics There is little individuals can do, particularly with the minimum wage set so low. Countries that promote equal chance for all from a young age are the ones that will grow and prosper. One of the wealthiest people in the usa, Bill Gates, makes billions of dollars annually. For instance, if someone is earning $500, 000 or $5 million a year then they need to pay much greater income tax than what they're paying now. Income Inequality Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained Also women's healthcare is a considerable issue in rural locations. But think about the simple fact our children will dwell in another world with the changed climate and the shortage of organic resources. With the aid of our governments, there's hope. After the demand of skill surpasses the supply of that specific skill, we'd expect that the marketplace will offer a greater wage or price as a way to persuade the skilled worker to work with them. Minimum wage is sti ll quite low when compared with the rising prices of products and expenses. Hence, since the amount of technology rises the income inequality is very likely to continue. Consequently there's a decrease in the upcoming rate of growth. I think the central problem of income inequality is the absence of taxation on the rich. The determination of wages by the current market is an important cause of financial inequality. It's also one of the essential aspects that create income inequality. Inequality The difference in dimension, compatibility, or deficiency of equality. Singapore isn't spared within this aspect. The poor in our society aren't benefiting from the higher wealth in the nation. Income Inequality Essay Topics at a Glance You ought to search for the latest information at the net, discover it and after that create your essay. To get started writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. This publication is currently archived . Ok, I Think I Understand Income Inequality Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Income Inequality Essay Topics! All beliefs aren't tolerable. The sad reality is these changes most often have negative consequences for the surroundings, along with for the human population. The cyborg technology of the future will be exceedingly costly, and just very wealthy individuals will be in a position to afford it. Statistics have demonstrated that there's a closing of gender income gap. I don't observe this logical. Another one is using family inheritance, and individual may get wealth from their family members and would have the ability to establish eventually his own company therefore boosting their earnings. He had an adequate amount of sub claims to support his general principal claim. As a way to survive and pay their bills, plenty of low income Canadians had no choice except to borrow and acquire huge quantities of debts. I believe there's no greater investment than investing in every individual in society and government should concentrate on improving human capital. Income Inequality Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? Also, don't forget that you're able to pay for essay, just order original and higher quality papers from MyEssayWriting on a wide array of topics. It is possible to describe the current situation employing some facts, global statistics and earn a summarization providing your own thoughts and suggestions. Alongside the topics, you'd come across loads of papers free of charge. In reality, things can become very interesting once you get started doing the research and unearthing new and intriguing facts and stats. Choosing Income Inequality Essay Topics Is Simple The principle of equality of opportunity is just one of the fundamental tenets of human improvement. There are lots of reasons for this phenomenon to take place within the societies, the majority of them are often inter-related. One of the absolute most important reason we have inequ ality is due to our own belief. Well, there's not much evidence to speak to that. Because of this, the gender gap plays an important magnitude in determining wage. Therefore, it was chosen as I openly felt that corrective measures may not have been designed to tackle the matter on a worldwide scale. The coefficient on inequality that results from the aforementioned model can subsequently be understood as measuring the relationship of the way in which a change in income inequality is connected to changes in economic growth in a particular country. The next aspect is linked to the culture and gender problems. Income Inequality Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About This is the mind frame of a great deal of individuals. The poverty line is updated every year but for most people it is tough to get over the poverty line because it's becoming more difficult to come across work. The same as our five fingers are not of the very same dimensions, in the exact same way, no t all black individuals are stupid. They have been trying to change this for a long time. Y makes the decision to turn into an inventor and creates after three decades of semi-poverty a machine which helps thousands of individuals. Today, the majority of women can own businesses, and work in parastatals. Extremely poor individuals cannot receive or purchase the education necessary to permit them to raise their standard of living. Hearsay, Lies and Income Inequality Essay Topics Wealthy Danes constitute a lower proportion than in many other nations. Some of the more wealthy people within the nation make about 8 times a year. Some of the things which bring about inequality are how much men and women get paid. Over half the people who live in the nation make less than that. These results have to be interpreted with wonderful caution due to the limited degrees of freedom available in the model. It's almost not possible to measure someone's tastes and preferences, but it is simple to assess the amount of education and the level of discrimination. As a consequence, now women too have to travel a terrific distance to have their deliveries accomplished by a specialist. Whispered Income Inequality Essay Topics Secrets In the usa, the increase in inequality accompanied an increase in the payoff to education and other skills. Wages in the usa, after taking inflation into consideration, have been stagnating for over three decades. Income inequality is a significant issue in the USA. Inequality in america has come to be a larger topic discussed recently.

A Very Brief History of Cuba - 2147 Words

Countries that were once colonies went through various stages of evolution in order to develop economically, politically, and culturally while gaining independence. Cuba, a former colony of Spain, has changed drastically throughout the years. Although in some cases, colonialism has had a positive effect on the country in the area regarding education and health care and on the other hand, has created an economic gap between the citizens. The government, social structure, and economy in the country can be compared and contrasted throughout the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial years. Pre-Colonial First Settlers Knowledge of the native peoples in Cuba, the largest island in the Caribbean, prior to the colonial era derives from the†¦show more content†¦Although the colonization of Cuba by the Spaniards contributed to the growth of the country economically, politically, and culturally, the relationship between the two during that period appeared to be appalling. In the late 1400s and 1500s, the indigenous peoples of Cuba were either wiped out through disease and the brutality of the Spanish or absorbed through intermarriage. With that in mind, additional labour had to be obtained due to the decrease in the native labour force, thus beginning the slave trade. In addition, Spain would forbid Cuba to trade with other European countries while keeping their profits for themselves. Several disputes rose as Cuba attempted to gain independence through three wars, creating tension between the two countries. Government The governing structure in Cuba during the colonial era was ruled by a Crown appointed governor. Diego Velazquez, the man who established the first Spanish settlement in Cuba, served as the first governor until his death in 1524. Under his leadership, various settlements were created such as Baracoa, a city in the region of Guantanamo. Havana progressed quickly and was officially designated the capital of Cuba in 1607. In order to strengthen the development of the oriental region of the island, the country was divided into two governments – Havana in the occident and Santiago de Cuba in the oriental – by the SpanishShow MoreRelatedThe Reasons Why Cuban Government Permits Non Cuban Workers From The United States And Other Nations1619 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion people, pint sized Cuba has made their mark in global politics. They’ve managed to showcase a genuine socialist revolution and have incessantly fought, defended and extended it in spite of ruthless emba rgos and sanctions from the United States and other nations. Introduction This is a brief examination into Cuba’s historical progression and their constant political struggles with the government, the people of Cuba, and other countries. This research will explore Cuba and the global challengesRead MoreThe Cuban Government And Schooling1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States had a brief reign over Cuba from 1898 and 1902 after Cuba attained independence from Spain and fell under U.S. control. Education in Cuba Many people and organizations, such as the World Bank, have praised the education system in Cuba, which claimed it is the best education system in Latin America and the Caribbean. The system is driven by high literacy rates, strong teacher and student performance, and its availability to all citizens of Cuba (Gasperini, 2000). Read MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1410 Words   |  6 PagesEventually, in 1960 Castro led Cuba into an economic deal with the Soviet Union (or USSR), as a result of this American and Cuban relations were completely cut off (Dobbs 12-18). A year later President John F. Kennedy was elected with hopes to be stricter against communist countries like Cuba. Meanwhile, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev had made a deal with Castro to supply weapons to form a Cuban Army. In an attempt to overthrow Castro, Kennedy launched an invasion against Cuba using only Cuban exilesRead MoreThe Guantanamo Bay Detention Center1262 Words   |  6 PagesOn a hot summer day in July, I’ve flown all the way to Cuba not for the sights, but I’ve been given the opportunity to interview one of the contributors behind the terrorist plot that struck the nation back in 2001. The plot I’m referring to the was the infamous â€Å"9/11† attack which struck so many Americans at their very core as this was the largest known terrorist plot to ever hit the United States. On that frightful day, there were approximately 3,000 people who perished on September 11 and anotherRead MoreThe Cold War and US Diplomacy1296 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy While President John F. Kennedy was only the commander and chief for a brief period of years, not even fulfilling a full term, he was extremely beloved. Not just for the work that he completed in the United States, such as founding the Peace Corps, but for his strategic and diplomatic relations with what were often extremely tense diplomatic relations. One of the most famous incidents of precarious international relations was the Cuban Missile Crisis; it was duringRead MoreFidel Castro s Marxist Leninist Government On The United States Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical establishment in Miami. A brief answer as to why Cubans choose Miami as their arriving destination was previously mentioned, but the full answer requires a look at the history between Miami and Havana, Cuban’s capital. Before 1958, there were a 10,000 Cubans in Miami, Florida – only 3,500 residents and many exiles that fled the Fulgencio Batista regime that Castro and his followers overthrow (Levine Asis, 21). The United States and Cuba had a long history of economic relations. By the 1900’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Reinaldo Arenas And The Cuban Revolution1656 Words   |  7 Pagesonly signifies sorrow but can also be freedom. These words were based to the story in relation to the Reinaldo Arenas case in Cuban revolution. However, the story itself shows the love to the country of Cuba. The statement that was written on this paper shows my personal analysis allied to the history and biography of the author. The imagery of the mother reveals the true happiness of the story teller. The story was composed of 6 characters. Includes the mother, the four sisters and the only guy inRead MoreBrief Summary of John F. Kennedy ´s Life1017 Words   |  5 PagesFitzgerald Kennedy of the United States of America. John Fitzgerald Kennedy very prosperous leader was his speeches that he gave to the american people and to the world trying to make the world a much higher quality place to live. He also asked the american people â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.† John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Ma. He was born into a very wealthy family the Fitzgerald and the Kennedy’s, both were prominent IrishRead MoreAmericas Foreign Policy: Rise to Globalism by Stephen E. Ambrose1166 Words   |  5 PagesRise to Globalism is a fascinating summary of Americas foreign policy from World War II to the Gulf War. Stephen E. Ambrose, earned his history Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin and he is a very talented author. Rise to Globalism was published by Penguin Books Inc. in 1993 in New York. The book gives the readers an idea of why America and the rest of the world were communicating, ordered in consecutive order and by U.S. presidents. In this novel, Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. BrinkleyRead MoreReflection Paper On Cultural Immersion1732 Words   |  7 Pagesabout his culture and his personal experiences in coming to this country. First though it’s important to look at a brief history of Puerto Rico to understand its place in his life as well as in ours. Puerto Rico is an island that is approximately 3,500 square miles and it’s located in the West Indies. It shares the Caribbean with the other islands of the Greater Antilles chain, Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola (which is divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Puerto Rico was ruled by the Spanish

Age Of Innocence Essay Example For Students

Age Of Innocence Essay Although Martin Scorcese does not sound like the logical choice to direct an adaptation of Edith Whartons novel about manners and morals in New Yorks society in the 1980s the psychological violence inflicted between characters is at least as damaging as the physical violence perpetrated by Scorceses usual gangsters. Martin Scorcese has made a reputation of conveying the essence of the human spirit through visuals and vivid colors. His work in The Age of Innocence is no different. Scorcese closely observed the tiny details of the world and the impossible situation within the novel. The film stays remarkable true to the Wharton novel, fleshing out details and bringing the permeating emotion and atmosphere to life with exquisite cinematography, directing and acting. With the lush opening credits, a collage of flowers and lace, Scorcese seems to be parting the curtain so that the viewer may glimpse not only into the excess of adornment but also into the well-to-do intimacies of New York. From here Scorcese directed the viewer into the beautiful photography of the drawing room and ballroom were composed and performed just as Wharton herself was the director. The passion that is displayed throughout the film was not of naked bodies thrashing in sweaty passion but where every one was fully clothed and speaking in perfectly modulated phrases. It was as if they were wrapped in layers of Victorian repression. Although Scorcese is known for his restless camera, here he gave the impression of grace and stateliness. The camera is Meek, 2 incessantly moving probing its way into every conversation like an uninvited guest. In one scene Ellen admires a bouquet of yellow roses sent to her by Archer while the camera circles rhapsodically around her. This is a prime example of how the camera is never still yet necessarily shifting. Unusual little tricks such as focusing and light or color changes serve to add extra emotional and romantic tension to the action. Scorcese captures the rhythm and style of the culture. Scorcese worked the camera in such a way that although at the beginning of the film their world seemed almost foreign to us by the end the viewer realizes that these people have all the same emotions, passions, fears, and desires that every person does. It is simply that they value them more highly and are less careless with them. Only, these characters would not choose a moment of self-indulgence over a lifetime of romantic regret. A line that sums this up perfectly is; What if the thing you desire most is the one thing you can not have? Which would you betray- your whole world, or your heart? Scorceses depiction of Newland and Olenskas feelings is completely summed up in this one statement. Scorcese also focuses on physical objects such as white gloves and place settings. They are in this world the most important things. From the beginning Scorcese made sure that the viewer got to know the characters by scanning over the opera audiences heads. He gives the viewer the close ups of the adornments that women and men wore in the 1820s. Later, we are shown a dinner scene where Scorcese lingers over the perfectly arranged plates of food and meticulously designed floral bouquets. This may have been an overstatement but Scorcese saw it as the setup to a love story that needed careful Meek, 3 attention to detail. The reason we are give such detail is that the world in which Ellen Olenska and Newland Archer live knows nothing more of importance than your houses interior decoration. The set in The Age of Innocence marks one obsessed with detail and heavily marked with the Victorian period. Each room seemed overstuffed with decorations and the walls covered with numerous paintings. This not only fit the time period but it also gave the viewer the impression that Ellen and Newland were never alone. The paintings especially seemed to loom over them with a careful gaze. .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d , .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .postImageUrl , .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d , .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:hover , .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:visited , .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:active { border:0!important; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:active , .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c6c175a3bc6a02bb09c5380592cb03d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls play analysis EssayThis also ties in with the reason Ellen took all the paintings in her house down and had them stacked against one another. These paintings were done by Troubetzkoy Paintings Ltd. , a small business in New York, Connecticut and Paris, which makes high quality reproductions of paintings. The way the company processes these paintings is that an 8-by-10-color transparency is transferred onto canvas where 25 hours of real brushwork with acrylic paint is added. The 200 plus paintings, worked on by mostly women, were finished in two short months for a sum of $200,000. Scorcese did not give into what the movie audience longs for; the coming together of Archer and Olenska. Although divorce was completely allowable in New York at that time there was a certain amount of shame that came along with it. There is an even deeper hurt here because the lovers are conspired against to prevent what the conspirators realize is much more than a flirtation. Archer discovers this at the farewell dinner given for Olenska and is forced to deal with his own lack of courage. Again later, makes his second decision not to follow through and walks away from Ellens home with his cane Meek, 4 as his only fortitude. Another attribute of the screenplay was the narration. He replayed the novels omniscient voice by casting Joanne Woodward was the narrator. She understands all that is happening and guided the viewer through the private thoughts of some of the characters. Through them we learn the rules of the society, we meet the orchestrators of the city and find out the rigid code that governs how people talk, walk, dine, fall in love, and marry. Not a word of this code is written but the characters have been silent students since birth. The narrators story and her voice are powerful and tempered with the incredible inflections that hint at the deeper meanings. Filling the costumes for The Age of Innocence is no easy task. Daniel Day-Lewis as Newland Archer is living in a world full of Views: 259 Comments: 0 compromises. He mastered the role of the man torn between two women and even made it appear easy. He had the same pompous arrogance that Wharton intended for the character. He was so restrained and ruled by society that all of his fantasies about change were ironic. Michelle Pfieffer is the strongest presence throughout the film. A figure of social revolution she is also naÃÆ'Â ¯ve in matters of social decorum yet wise in the rules of unconventional love. Wynona Ryder as May Welland is simply remarkable. She seems to come off as the intellectual inferior that Archer makes her out to be only to later tear off the faÃÆ'Â §ade and show the intellectually refined woman she really is. She plays the representation of the society that Ellen and Archer are trapped in. She knows the rules of the game as if she had invented them herself. And uses any device to make sure everything turns out her way. She is passive aggressive and plays the role her husband Meek, 5 expects her to play. Ryder fulfills her role perfectly and proved to be as deft and decisive as her female rival. Through this role Ryder won a Golden Globe for best performance by an actress in a supporting role and was nominated for an Oscar in the same category. Scorcese did a miraculous job with this novel. He presented a graceful film that balances deceit, forbidden love, scandal, passion and intrigue. This film wonderfully depicts the falling of tradition and the opening of modernity in the lives of three people and their vicious backstabbing families.

Vampire Academy. Book 1. Hunters and victims Review Essay Example

Vampire Academy. Book 1. Hunters and victims Review Paper Essay on Vampire Academy. Book 1. Hunters and victims Neodnaznachnym is my judgment, and it will be quite subjective. First, immediately plunged into despair abundance of Russian names. My imagination does not understand what a vampire Vasya, well, or Vasilisa. Previously unfamiliar characters Moroi, Strigoi Im used to them in the course of the narrative. The first 100 pages I read a couple of weeks, forcing herself like eating porridge and my 5 years old. Razmusolivanie every moment, manic affection heroines, some concerned with the machinations, the main base and subtext sex. Well, all this is wrapped up in the friendship, betrayal, strangeness. While Rose realized what was happening, someone kissed darkness there, and that made Vladimir readers it was obvious almost from the right. As the soap opera, everyone knows who killed Juan, but the 150 series, we will see how Pedro thought about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Vampire Academy. Book 1. Hunters and victims Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vampire Academy. Book 1. Hunters and victims Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vampire Academy. Book 1. Hunters and victims Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are pluses Eschen in the final, the last page, I read for the evening, and even was involved. It seems the idea for the product is, the weak, neprarobotannaya, but there is. It could turn into a piece of candy, but a translator no, the translator could not stretch inextensible on their own, then you have an author. I know the book from her sea, and it looks like it used to be scribbled, now faces a choice to make a super book of masses of ideas to turn the story into a fascinating adventure or the idea of ​​the book. The author makes money. In the near future I will not read the continuation, maybe then. Now, briefly about the plot. The main character and her friend prototypes saints their vampire-dampirskogo community linked psychologically because Lissa has the gift of healing, and, when she died, her family and the Rose, she saved the girl, returning to the life in the accident. The book begins for you with the fact that these ladies on the run, but they were immediately fed back to the academy. You do not immediately realize that their spodviglo escape and generally described very kutso Academy, but, he looked at me I fell in in detail. In general, you will be involved in puberty Roses more than in perepitii between Strigoi and Moroi. By the way, the idea is not so new, good-evil vampires have not once called). And gold blood, and vampantsy and now become Strigoi. So, then quietly tell you whats what, but all the villains are transparent and predictable. . So that those who read enough to understand all at once or twice The result of this you can read how many people so many opinions. But my only C grade this product .

Personal Approach to Counseling Essays

Personal Approach to Counseling Essays Personal Approach to Counseling Essay Personal Approach to Counseling Essay Personal Approach to Counseling Todd J. Schmenk, M. Ed. Rhode Island College Author Note Todd J, Schmenk, M. Ed. , Department of Counseling, Educational Leadership, and School Psychology Department, Feinstein School of Education and Human Development, Rhode Island College. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Todd J. Schmenk, M. Ed. , Department of Counseling, Educational Leadership, and School Psychology Department, Feinstein School of Education and Human Development, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI 02908 E-mail: [emailprotected] om 1. Key Concepts In dealing with individuals and in my experience and studies over the years I have come to the conclusion that a person’s development and interactions with the world is a compilation of internal adaptations to external stimulus. As the philosopher Ken Wilber put it â€Å" A person’s network-logic is a dialectic (an investingating or discussing the truth of opinions) of w hole and part. As many details as possible are checked; then a tentative big picture is assembled; it is checked against further details, and the big picture readjusted. And so on indefinitely, with ever more details constantly altering the big picture- and vice versa. † (Wilber, 2000, Loc. 213-15) Drawing upon this broad but key ideology, any approach to counseling or psychotherapy, in my opinion, would have to be sure to address these internal processes and conclusions in order to help an individual deal with and achieve balance when an imbalance has occurred. In order to do so, this would mean incorporating upon several of the key components of made by astute individuals who have helped to define the various aspects of these processes. Of great influence to my approach would be Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development which considers the impact of external factors from family, specifically the parents, to cultural and societal influences and their effects on an individual’s personality (ego) development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. (Arlene F Harder, 2011) At each transition, there is the possibility that the individual may falter and develop less than optimal approaches for dealing with external stimuli. Going a step further in identification and specificity of those external influences and their effects on an individuals ego development are the works of Dr. Clare Grave, Dr. Chris Cowen, and Dr. Donald Beck, who have compiled their observations in their theory which they refer to as â€Å"Spiral Dynamics†. Dr. Graves in the early 1950’s refered to this new emerging approach to human understanding as a biopsycho-social system. In his words he defined the term as: â€Å"Bio† for the neurology and chemical energy of life and the organismic part of us. The â€Å"Psycho† for the variables of personality and life expereinces, our temperments and sense of self and relationships to others, the â€Å"Social† for the collective energy in group dynamics and culture as the interpersonal domain influences human behavior in collective settings ranging from small groups and families to corporations and entire societies, and the â€Å"System† for the interdependence and action/reaction of these three upon one another in a coherent whole according to principles laid out in General Systems theory and other approaches to how things work and interact. (Cowen, Todorovic, Lee, 2001) Or in more simple terms: â€Å"Briefly, what I am proposing is that the psychology of the mature human being is an unfolding, emergent, oscillating, spiraling process, marked by progressive subordination of older, lower-order behavior systems to newer, higher-order systems as man’s existential problems change. † (Graves, 1959) Where Er ikson, Graves, Beck, Cowen and a good number of other therapists saw he quantifyable development of human beings as the unfolding of stages, I also look to Ken Wilber who has devised a â€Å"Integral Theory† that looks for underlying connections between all these pieces of the same puzzle, drawing upon the available schools of thought in psychology, religion, philosphy, and other related fields, in an attempt to relate them to each other. One of Wilber’s greatest contributions to the field of psychology and counseling is by demonstrating that the various practitioners have all been studying several lines of development, yet collapsing these observations together as if they were one. By doing so, creating illisionary camps of opposing thought that are believed to be mutually exclusive. Wilber has shown that all of these lines coexist and need to be acknowledged in order for the treatment to have a larger impact. This is not to say that all approaches to pyschotherapy do this, many of the newer theories and approaches to therapy have begun to see and adapt this idea pulling from various modes of applications, such as dialectical, but few do this as broadly. An example of this can be seen in the following illustration: [pic] Wilber explains: And there are multiple paths or lines of development. It has been demonstrated that each level of development has a different worldview, with different perceptions, modes of space and time, and moral motivations (discoveries upon which the work of researchers from Maslow to Kohlberg to Loevinger to Gilligan would depend); he showed that reality is not simply given but is in many important ways constructed. (Wilber, 2000, loc 577-82) Given this explaination, Freud’s view could be seen and the identification of the psycho-sexual line of development, whereas Maslow focused on the needs line , Grave focus on an individual’s world-view, and Gilligan focused on the line of ego development. All equally important. Given this, my intake form that an individual would fill out combined with information collected during sessions should provide the basis from where to move forward in choosing the appropriate psychotherautic model for treatment increasing the effectivess and positive outcome in alleviating the individual’s current condition. This conclusion is echoed in this course’s text in that â€Å" Effective theories are grounded in an understanding of human development. They provide a framework for gathering and organizing information and exploring personality. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 972-73) Since I have the most experience in dealing with individuals drawing from health education and promotion theories that are similar to Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) methods, this would be the area I would most often begin. In SFBT, one of the core objectives â€Å" is to increase people’s hope and optimism by creating expectancy for change, n o matter how small. In this way, people become more aware of what is working rather than what is not. † (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 1000) Often times I have found that when people seek my services, they do so because something has changed, yet they are unaware of such a change, and that that change has been percieved as a negative effect by that individual. A common example of this is a person in their late 20’s or early 30’s who is distressed over a sudden increase in weight. There are many factors that can contribute to this, but a common theme I have observed is that the individual had continued to eat as if they were still an athlete, a teenager, or in their early 20’s. Their eating habits remained constant, however, their activity levels and the stage of their body’s development (they are no longer growing) have not, having an undesirable and unintentional impact. While this example is dealing with obersavable behaviors (activity, nutrition), the same can also be applied to an individuals mental constructs, schema’s, or beliefs. People often relate present expereinces with ones that look similar to what they have encountered in the past, yet the course their responses produces different results. One of the other great strengths is that SFBT focuses on the present and the future rather that on the past and allows an individual to focus on positive change. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, Loc. 10986-87) This would be especially important in the first few sessions since I would want to alleviate the immediate cause of distress. Using the above example, looking at the person’s belief and coming up with goals, such as using a nutrition journal to increase awareness, would be a good place to begin. Even small insights based upon this simple exercise can greatly motivate and increase this individual’s expectancy for further changes. Next I would turn to Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) because of its structure and its use of reason to challenge irrational beliefs. I love the outline presented in the class text because, in my experience, I have found that having a plan tends to increase the likelihood of compliance and therefore success. The typical session will almost always include the following tens steps 1. Review old business from the previous session – if it is the first session, than I would review the intake form to ensure accuracy and begin to develop the therapeutic alliance. 2. Check up on the mood, behavior, symptoms, and medication. 3. Elicit new business, especially and major life changes 4. Follow up on homework 5. Establish the agenda for the sessions 6. Do the work according to the ABCDEF format 7. Summarize the work that was done 8. Assign new homework 9. Obtain feedback on the session 10. Close the session (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 8046): This is not to say that I would be inflexible and if the situation presented itself, would even incorporate the use of Carl Roger’s more free-flowing client centered approach, but I would not start a session off that way. I have tried this type of approach and have found that for an individual who is looking for an immediate solution and possibly some guidance, that type of approach if used right from the start can be frustrating and de-motivating. I would also use the concepts found within REBT to help teach clients about rational and irrational thinking so that they could identify, dispute, and modify their irrational beliefs. By doing so, the individual should be able to develop a more rational and integrated approach to life. Unlike SFBT, which focuses on goal setting and problem solving, REBT dictates that I would need to go beyond this approach to enable the individual to establish more balanced, logical, and rewarding lives. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 7968) For emotionally based complaints that do not seem to be able to be addressed using SFBT and REBT, I would consider utilizing an emerging approach that has some components of Gestalt therapy, but it also based heavily on the concepts of Freud’s work called Core Energetics. The work of Core Energetics requires that clients want to dissolve their original wounds and evolve into their authentic selves, heart and soul. It is an emotional focused practice. It first appeared in the 70’s introduced by Dr. Pierrakos who had based this new methodology upon observations made by Wilhelm Reich, a colleague and disciple of Freud, about the connection between the body and psychological/emotional health and dysfunction. Black, 2004, 120-23) He believed that his clients’ bodies were tensed and distorted as a result of blocked energy and used physical approaches to alleviate or encourage an emotional discharge that often produced insight in to what was bothering them. I have experienced this type of therapy and have found it useful, especially when I was not completely aware of what was truly bothering me, though I would need further training before I was comfortable in implementing this type of approach. 2. Signs of Change As I worked with an individual there would be signs that I would be looking for that would help identify if my approach was having the desired effect. As reflected in our text: As they become cognizant of the possibilities for positive change, their empowerment and motivation increase correspondingly, creating a beneficial circle; positive change fuels people’s belief that change can happen, which enhances their motivation and efforts to change, which in turn leads to more positive changes. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, loc. 11001) When it comes to SFBT, simple indications would be compliance, the client creating and meeting the goals that were agreed upon, an increased motivation to be in action, and their reported belief that they were getting something out of our sessions. When it came to REBT, one of the advantages of the approach is the scaled questions that would be attached to their irrational beliefs. Those issues causing the most turmoil should be seen over time to diminish moving down scale on a scale of 1 – 10, where 10 would be most distressful to 1 being the least. If I find that the individual is still holding on to these irrational beliefs and being negatively affected by them, it would be because that they are still active and the individual was still using them (still unaware) and an adjustment would be made. Two other themes I would look for in working with the individual would be self-acceptance and awareness. The REBT approach â€Å"suggests that emotional difficulties often are found in people with conditional self-acceptance and that they value themselves because of their accomplishments rather than because of their basic worth as a person. † (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. 5828-30) In other words, for many, when they have a set-back or fail at something, they believe it is because they are bad or a failure. (conditions of self-worth) Those who were able to differentiate and see these differences (and display behaviors congruent with their statements) I would see as both making progress and as becoming more self-aware. By being aw are of their approaches to life, they would then be able to make changes, become fully self-expressed or authentic in the moment and see the possibilities available to them. . The Role of the Therapist and the Nature of the therapist-client relationship Given my experience over the last 15 years in dealing with individuals with a variety of health concerns and now moving to a more broad based look at an individual’s over-all mental health and its effect on those health issues, my approach and role in a therapist-client relationship would tend to be eclectic, integrating different treatment strategies as needed. Interactions and assessments with the individual would help to clarify what is most likely the main issue and which counseling theory or theories and the tools provided in each would best increase the chances for the most favorable outcome. With that being said – all of my approaches would begin by ensuring the strong development of a therapeutic alliance as illustrated by several of the fields most prominent therapists since the formalization of this idea by Carl Rogers. Therapist traits such as empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence (or being genuine with a client) create the conditions necessary to develop a more effective alliance between clinician and client. Therapy sessions then primarily act as a place where an individual can explore uncomfortable emotional experiences and learn or relearn more constructive ways of dealing with them. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc 1186) Even though the initial approach to REBT and SFBT tend to be more structured and more formal, it is still possible to create a warm, safe space or clearing within these contexts in order to foster re-education, insight, reframing, challenging irrational beliefs, and personal growth. By doing so it is almost inevitable that change will occur and that it will â€Å"have a ripple effect on many aspects of the client’s life. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc 11142) In REBT and SFBT the therapist often assumes many roles such as an educator, a mentor, a role model, and a coach using a wide variety of interventions, tools, and resources. Some of these tools I would bring into sessions would be identifying the situations and utilizing the three column technique, using a dysfunctional thought log or other journal and asking questions like â€Å"Between now and our first session, I want you to notice the things that happen to you that you would like to keep happening in the future? † or â€Å"What changes have occurred since the person first made the appointment? † all the time utilizing active listening skills, portraying empathy, offering reassurance, and making suggestions when they are relevant. When I was in session, I would keep all the above in mind in regards to the following: Current research suggests that treatment approaches and interventions are just one factor in producing change. In a landmark study, Miller, Duncan, and Hubble (1997) found that clients attributed 40% of the change they experienced in treatment to extratherapeutic factors (including people’s internal resources and events in their lives), 30% to the therapist–client relationship, 15% to particular techniques and interventions, and 15% percent to their hope and expectation of positive change. Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc 1043) which demonstrates the power of the therapeutic alliance and the need to be seen as both an expert, a guide, an advocate, and as most importantly, another human being just like them. 4. Goals Given the processes of the therapies I would tend to implement, I believe that the amount of sessions that would be needed in order to achieve the desired outcome and to alleviate their current concerns would be six to eight sessions with 80% of clients concluding treatment by the 20th session and most of their positive changes occurring by the 8th session. Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 11093) Before meeting with the client and then continuing the practice before any sequential sessions, I would use a decision tree to determine what interventions to use next with my client. Part of REBT is starting each session off by checking in with them to see what was happening in their life and what they wished to see happen more often to move towards major life changes. One of the major concepts of REBT is that Clinicians teach clients about rational and irrational thinking; help people identify, dispute, and modify their irrational beliefs; and facilitate their efforts to develop a more rational philosophy of life. Although problem solving is part of treatment, REBT clinicians go beyond problem solving and enable people to establish more balanced, logical, and rewarding lives. (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, Loc. 8079-82) This would be done using the six-step ABCDEF structured format that would meet the requirements described above. In brief – we would look to identify the external source of discomfort, take a look at the belief about that stimulus and its effect, look at the consequences the belief was having on their life, devise ways to dispute this belief, what the effect would be once the belief had been realigned, and an exploration of the new feelings and behaviors that would be a result of this process. (ensuring motivation) (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 8084-8138) Other tools I described earlier would be the use of behavioral tracking and awareness enhancing practices such as a log or journal. When it comes to SFBT, some of the most important interventions would be the use of the miracle question which would implement the use of scaling to measure change and the use of suggested solutions, but would also focus on identifying exceptions, looking for places in a person life where things worked. For instance, if a person was having a difficult time and was feeling burned out because of the work requirements, exploration of times when they had a good day and what they did differently should provide their own solution to the kind of plan that should be developed further in order to have that exception become the norm. If the person had a difficult time identifying such a situation, there is where SFBT would tend to suggest activities to help the person identify such solutions or suggest ways they could try to alter the situation. Simple questions like â€Å"What is different about the times when the difficulty does not happen? †, When is the problem less severe? , and How is that different from the way you handled this the last time it occurred? † (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010, Loc 11155) would all be ways to explore this further and find the individuals strengths or effective ways in which they have dealth with similar situation before. Once identified, those traits and skills would be exemplified and then practiced so that they become a new behavior. Tony Schwartz, the author of The Power of Full Engagement: Managing Energy, Not Time, Is the Key to High Performance and Personal Renewal has broadened this approach laying out the four main areas that an individual should look when trying to create new rituals, ones that will over-ride and replace older dysfunctional approaches. He focuses on the following: At the same time, we must build the four underlying capacities that make excellence possible: strength and endurance (physical), high positive energy (emotional), control of attention (mental), and a compelling sense of purpose (spiritual). (Schwartz, 2005, Loc. 143) What is so great about this book is that it addresses many of the main issues around performance, whether it is at work or in dealing with the family and aligns well with both REBT and SFBT. The main underlying message in the book could be summed up best by â€Å"It’s not the number of hours we work that determines how much value we create. Rather it’s the quantity and quality of energy we bring to whatever hours we work. † (Schwartz, 2005, Loc 161) This enderlying theme echos the beliefs of both systems. From a REBT perspective – it addresses the â€Å"performance equals worth† irrational belief and from a SFBT it focuses on the positive aspects and strengths an individual uses to maintain their energy levels, including understanding what values are of the upmost importance to them. 5. How this approach might apply to diverse groups Given that every individual – regardless of race, culture, gender, or orientation would need to proceed through the same stages of development and face similar transitional challenges at each stage, I believe that my approach would be useful in most therapy situations that were targeted at mid to high functioning individuals. I do not see this approach as being as effective with those who have a compromised perception of reality such as those who are currently in a psychopathic state, but even there this approach may be useful once those individuals have been stabilized. SFBT and REBT are both mental approaches to dealing with current issues which are both cross-cultural both in their acceptance and application. Since some cultures are more sensitive to talking about their emotions, my approach, using these methodologies should help to alleviate and overcome this cultural reluctance. When it comes to cross-cultural or diverse populations, I also include gender communication differences, religious orientation, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and even political. Both methodologies have been shown to be effective in dealing with such diversity. With that being said, given that I am a white male, coming from German-Slavic culture, with a hetero-sexual orientation, a higher level of education, and more of an urban ideology, I would expect that this perception may also be seen as a weakness in dealing with some individuals, especially depending upon why they were seeking my services in the first place. For instance, a woman suffering from mental issues surrounding a traumatic experience, such as rape, would most likely not do well with me – at least initially. Those coming from a Hispanic or other cultural orientation, or even a strong specific religious or philosophical background may also be turned off since I do not fall into their perceived notion of being able to relate. Of course, utilizing the therapeutic alliance and even addressing these concerns right from the start should help to alleviate these concerns. Also – the language barrier would certainly have a negative impact in that if communication was weak, it would reinforce the cultural divide not to mention have a profound effect on how well the individual and I could relate. In those cases, I would simply refer the individual to someone within the counseling network to whom I would believe this person would do best with. 6. Limitations and strengths of your approach The strengths, weakness, and limitations of my approach would be the same as those apparent in the tools that I would employ in most cases. SFBT can be too quick to identify with the presenting problem and therefore missing the greater importance or that a solution would need to be reached in a relatively short period of time could have a negative impact on outcomes. REBT may not be as useful with individuals who have a difficult time separating their emotional responses from their thoughts or the belief or expectation that therapy should be unstructured, focus on insights, and the need to explore the causes of their current state of mind could also undermine the entire process. While common complaints for Erikson’s approach being that it focuses too much upon the social implications, ignoring the biological influences of personality and physical dimension and for having been derived with more of a male gender bias. However, by utilizing the integral framework devised by Ken Wilber and using the four quadrant approach to cover all the bases of the internal individual self (locus of control), the biological effect on personality and displayed behaviors, the cultural effect on the individuals belief system, and the social structures and laws which tend to reinforce these effects should help to alleviate or negate these effects leaving only the strengths or the best of each approach to having the greatest influence upon the sessions, the individual, and the possible outcomes being pursued. The strengths of all these approaches would be that they are all cognitive or rational approaches to dealing with current issues which have empirical data to back up their claims as solid approaches to working with individuals in the alleviation of their problems. Also, as backed by our class text, â€Å"SFBT has also been easily integrated with other theories, including cognitive behavioral, REBT, Adlerian, and reality therapy† (Seligman Reichenberg, 2010. Loc. 8094) leaving me to believe that this approach would indeed have the outcomes and positive interations I would hope to see. Finally, many of the strengths, weakness, and limitations would be my own internal belief systems and my level of comfort in working with certain populations as well as any life events that I might be expereincing when working with any population plus my own specific preferences. Continued therapuetic work, I believe, would be essential in both expereincing the approaches first hand as well as addressing any irrational beliefs that I may have. Arlene F Harder, M. M. (2011). Support4change. com. Retrieved 2012, from Supportforchange. om: support4change. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=47Itemid=108 Beck, E. B. , Cowen, C. (1996). Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership and Change. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Black, S. (2004). A Way of Life: Core Energetics. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Kindle version Cowen, C. , Todorovic, N. , Lee, W. R. (2001). Clarewgraves. com/Theory. Retrieved from Clarewgraves. com: clarewgraves. com/home. html Graves, D. C. (1959). An Emergent Theory of Ethical Behavior Based Upon an Epigentic Model. Historical Collection of the work of Dr. Clare W. Graves of William R. Lee,, 12. Schwartz, T. (2005). The Power of Full Engagement: Managing Energy, Not Time, Is the Key to High Performance and Personal Renewal. NY, NY: The Free Press. Kindle version Seligman, L. , Reichenberg, L. (2010). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy; systems, strategies, and skills (Kindle Versio n). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Kindle version Wilber, K. (2000). Integral Psychology: Consciousness, Spirit, Psychology, Therapy. Boston: Shambhala Publications. Kindle version

AP English Language and Composition Exam Key Terms

AP English Language and Composition Exam Key Terms On this page, youll find brief definitions of grammatical, literary, and rhetorical terms that have appeared on the multiple-choice and essay portions of the AP* English Language and Composition exam. For examples and more detailed explanations of the terms, follow the links to expanded articles. *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which neither sponsors nor endorses this glossary. Ad Hominem:  An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.Adjective:  The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a noun or a pronoun.Adverb:  The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.Allegory:  Extending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text.Alliteration:  The repetition of an initial consonant sound.Allusion:  A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event- real or fictional.Ambiguity:  The presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage.Analogy:  Reasoning or arguing from parallel cases.Anaphora:  The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.Antecedent:  The noun or noun phrase referred to by a pronoun.Antithesis:  The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.A phorism:  (1) A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion. (2) A brief statement of a principle. Apostrophe:  A rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing.Appeal to Authority:  A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.Appeal to Ignorance:  A fallacy that uses an opponents inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusions correctness.Argument:  A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood.Assonance:  The identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.Asyndeton:  The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (opposite of polysyndeton).Character:  An individual (usually a person) in a narrative (usually a work of fiction or creative nonfiction).Chiasmus:  A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.Circular Argument:  An argument that commits the logical falla cy of assuming what it is attempting to prove. Claim:  An arguable statement, which may be a claim of fact, value, or policy.Clause:  A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.Climax:  Mounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in parallel construction with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of a series of events.Colloquial:  Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English.Comparison:  A rhetorical strategy in which a writer examines similarities and/or differences between two people, places, ideas, or objects.Complement:  A word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence.Concession:  An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponents point.Confirmation:  The main part of a text in which logical arguments in support of a position are elaborated.Conjunction:  The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases , clauses, or sentences.Connotation:  The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry. Coordination:  The grammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance. Contrast with subordination.Deduction:  A method of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises.Denotation:  The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings.Dialect:  A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary.Diction:  (1) The choice and use of words in speech or writing. (2) A way of speaking  usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution.Didactic:  Intended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively.Encomium:  A tribute or eulogy in prose or verse glorifying people, objects, ideas, or events.Epiphora:  The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses. (Also known as epistrophe.)Epitaph:  (1) A short inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone or monument. (2 ) A statement or speech commemorating someone who has died: a funeral oration. Ethos:  A persuasive appeal based on the projected character of the speaker or narrator.Eulogy:  A formal expression of praise for someone who has recently died.Euphemism:  The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.Exposition:  A statement or type of composition intended to give information about (or an explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea.Extended Metaphor:  A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.Fallacy:  An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.False Dilemma:  A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when, in fact, more options are available.Figurative Language:  Language in which figures of speech (such as metaphors, similes, and hyperbole) freely occur.Figures of Speech:  The various uses of language that depart from customary construction, order, or significance.Flashbac k:  A shift in a narrative to an earlier event that interrupts the normal chronological development of a story. Genre:  A category of artistic composition, as in film or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content.Hasty Generalization:  A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence.Hyperbole:  A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an extravagant statement.Imagery:  Vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses.Induction:  A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.Invective:  Denunciatory or abusive language;  discourse  that casts blame on somebody or something.Irony:  The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.Isocolon:  A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure.Jargon:  The speciali zed language of a professional, occupational, or other group, often meaningless to outsiders. Litotes:  A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.Loose Sentence:  A sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by subordinate phrases and clauses. Contrast with  periodic  sentence.Metaphor:  A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between  two  unlike things that actually have something important in common.Metonymy:  A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as crown for royalty).Mode of Discourse:  The way in which information is presented in a text. The four traditional modes are narration, description, exposition, and argument.Mood:  (1) The quality of a verb that conveys the writers attitude toward a subject. (2) The emotion evoked by a text.Narrative:  A rhetorical strategy that recounts a sequence of events, usually in chronological order.Noun:  The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Onomatopoeia:  The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.Oxymoron:  A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.Paradox:  A statement that appears to contradict itself.Parallelism:  The similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.Parody:  A literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.Pathos:  The means of persuasion that appeals to the audiences emotions.Periodic Sentence:  A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final wordusually with an emphatic climax.Personification:  A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.Point of View:  The perspective from which a speaker or writer tells a story or presents information.Pred icate:  One of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb. Pronoun:  A word (a part of speech or word class) that takes the place of a noun.Prose:  Ordinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from  verse.Refutation:  The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.Repetition:  An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passagedwelling on a point.Rhetoric:  The study and practice of effective communication.Rhetorical Question:  A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.Running Style:  Sentence style that appears to follow the mind as it worries a problem through, mimicking the rambling, associative syntax of conversation- the opposite of periodic sentence style.Sarcasm:  A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark.Satire:  A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity.Simile:  A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as Style:  Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing.Subject:  The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about.Syllogism:  A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.Subordination:  Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or  subordinate  to) another. Contrast with coordination.Symbol:  A person, place, action, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or convention) represents something other than itself.Synecdoche:  A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole for a part.Syntax:  (1) The study of the rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. (2) The arrangement of words in a sentence.Thesis:  The main idea of an essay or report, often written as a single declarative sentence.Tone:   A writers attitude toward the subject and audience. Tone is primarily conveyed through diction,  point  of view, syntax, and level of formality. Transition:  The connection between two parts of a piece of writing, contributing to coherence.Understatement:  A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.Verb:  The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.Voice:  (1) The quality of a verb that indicates whether its subject acts (active voice) or is acted upon (passive voice). (2) The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or narrator.Zeugma:  The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words, although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.